Effective haemodialysis requires a blood flow rate of at least 250 ml/minute from and to a patient. The best way to get the blood out for long term dialysis is an arterio-venous fistula. Dr Ho Chung Ping and Ms Wong Sui Lan discussed the creation, the rule of 6, clinical testing of the function a fistula, connecting to a machine, complications. Dr Ho Chung Ping stressed the need to preserve veins for renal patients.